GADD45A (growth arrest and DNA damage inducible alpha)

Gene

• Entrez ID: 1647
• Gene name: Growth arrest and DNA damage inducible alpha
• Gene symbol: GADD45A
• Synonyms (NCBI Gene): DDIT1, GADD45
• Chromosome: 1
• Chromosome location: 1p31.3
• Summary: This gene is a member of a group of genes whose transcript levels are increased following stressful growth arrest conditions and treatment with DNA-damaging agents. The protein encoded by this gene responds to environmental stresses by mediating activatio

miRNA

miRTarBase ID	miRNA	Experiments	Reference
MIRT005574	hsa-miR-374a-5p	Immunoblot, Luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR	21274007
MIRT016251	hsa-miR-504-5p	qRT-PCR	20542001
MIRT029880	hsa-miR-26b-5p	Microarray	19088304
MIRT039859	hsa-miR-615-3p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT195823	hsa-miR-4282	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT075736	hsa-miR-4678	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT195824	hsa-miR-3613-3p	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT195818	hsa-miR-5681b	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT195820	hsa-miR-331-5p	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT488305	hsa-miR-5701	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT075723	hsa-miR-135b-3p	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT488304	hsa-miR-607	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT260128	hsa-miR-148b-3p	Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), qRT-PCR	27505319
MIRT734985	hsa-miR-4270	Western blotting, qRT-PCR	33042452
MIRT005574	hsa-miR-374a-5p	Western blotting, RNA-seq, Immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR	32269736
MIRT195823	hsa-miR-4282	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT075736	hsa-miR-4678	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT195824	hsa-miR-3613-3p	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT195818	hsa-miR-5681b	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT195820	hsa-miR-331-5p	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT488305	hsa-miR-5701	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT075723	hsa-miR-135b-3p	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT488304	hsa-miR-607	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT1010189	hsa-miR-1237	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010190	hsa-miR-1248	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010191	hsa-miR-130a	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010192	hsa-miR-130b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010193	hsa-miR-148a	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010194	hsa-miR-148b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010195	hsa-miR-152	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010196	hsa-miR-301a	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010197	hsa-miR-301b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010198	hsa-miR-3074-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010199	hsa-miR-3666	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010200	hsa-miR-3667-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010201	hsa-miR-374c	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010202	hsa-miR-376c	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010203	hsa-miR-4276	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010204	hsa-miR-4295	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010205	hsa-miR-454	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010206	hsa-miR-4778-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010207	hsa-miR-4799-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010208	hsa-miR-5096	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010209	hsa-miR-516a-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010210	hsa-miR-548ae	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010211	hsa-miR-548aj	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010212	hsa-miR-548am	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010213	hsa-miR-548x	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010214	hsa-miR-579	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010215	hsa-miR-655	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010216	hsa-miR-659	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010189	hsa-miR-1237	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010190	hsa-miR-1248	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010217	hsa-miR-3124-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010206	hsa-miR-4778-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010208	hsa-miR-5096	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010214	hsa-miR-579	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010218	hsa-miR-587	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010202	hsa-miR-376c	CLIP-seq
MIRT1999206	hsa-miR-4711-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010189	hsa-miR-1237	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010190	hsa-miR-1248	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010191	hsa-miR-130a	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010192	hsa-miR-130b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010193	hsa-miR-148a	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010194	hsa-miR-148b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010195	hsa-miR-152	CLIP-seq
MIRT2232886	hsa-miR-2276	CLIP-seq
MIRT2232887	hsa-miR-296-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010196	hsa-miR-301a	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010197	hsa-miR-301b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010217	hsa-miR-3124-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2232888	hsa-miR-3545-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2232889	hsa-miR-361-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010199	hsa-miR-3666	CLIP-seq
MIRT2232890	hsa-miR-3680	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010203	hsa-miR-4276	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010204	hsa-miR-4295	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010205	hsa-miR-454	CLIP-seq
MIRT2232891	hsa-miR-4680-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2232892	hsa-miR-4703-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1999206	hsa-miR-4711-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2232893	hsa-miR-4772-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2232894	hsa-miR-512-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010209	hsa-miR-516a-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2232895	hsa-miR-518a-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2232896	hsa-miR-527	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010210	hsa-miR-548ae	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010211	hsa-miR-548aj	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010212	hsa-miR-548am	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010213	hsa-miR-548x	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010218	hsa-miR-587	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010216	hsa-miR-659	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010191	hsa-miR-130a	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010192	hsa-miR-130b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010193	hsa-miR-148a	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010194	hsa-miR-148b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010195	hsa-miR-152	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010196	hsa-miR-301a	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010197	hsa-miR-301b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010199	hsa-miR-3666	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010203	hsa-miR-4276	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010204	hsa-miR-4295	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010205	hsa-miR-454	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010210	hsa-miR-548ae	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010211	hsa-miR-548aj	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010212	hsa-miR-548am	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010213	hsa-miR-548x	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010216	hsa-miR-659	CLIP-seq
MIRT1999206	hsa-miR-4711-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536562	hsa-miR-1273e	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536563	hsa-miR-1283	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536564	hsa-miR-1321	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010193	hsa-miR-148a	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010194	hsa-miR-148b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010195	hsa-miR-152	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536565	hsa-miR-2054	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536566	hsa-miR-299-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010198	hsa-miR-3074-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536567	hsa-miR-3143	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536568	hsa-miR-3162-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536569	hsa-miR-3607-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536570	hsa-miR-362-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010200	hsa-miR-3667-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536571	hsa-miR-3686	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010201	hsa-miR-374c	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536572	hsa-miR-375	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010202	hsa-miR-376c	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010203	hsa-miR-4276	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536573	hsa-miR-4280	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536574	hsa-miR-4302	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536575	hsa-miR-4326	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536576	hsa-miR-4328	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536577	hsa-miR-4642	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536578	hsa-miR-4652-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536579	hsa-miR-4690-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1999206	hsa-miR-4711-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536580	hsa-miR-4739	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536581	hsa-miR-4756-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536582	hsa-miR-4775	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010207	hsa-miR-4799-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536583	hsa-miR-4803	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536584	hsa-miR-500a	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536585	hsa-miR-500b	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536586	hsa-miR-502-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2232894	hsa-miR-512-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536587	hsa-miR-520d-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536588	hsa-miR-524-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010210	hsa-miR-548ae	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010211	hsa-miR-548aj	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010212	hsa-miR-548am	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536589	hsa-miR-548m	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010213	hsa-miR-548x	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536590	hsa-miR-590-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536591	hsa-miR-606	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010215	hsa-miR-655	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010216	hsa-miR-659	CLIP-seq
MIRT1999206	hsa-miR-4711-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1999206	hsa-miR-4711-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536562	hsa-miR-1273e	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536563	hsa-miR-1283	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536564	hsa-miR-1321	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536565	hsa-miR-2054	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536566	hsa-miR-299-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010198	hsa-miR-3074-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536567	hsa-miR-3143	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536568	hsa-miR-3162-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536569	hsa-miR-3607-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536570	hsa-miR-362-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010200	hsa-miR-3667-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536571	hsa-miR-3686	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010201	hsa-miR-374c	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010202	hsa-miR-376c	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536573	hsa-miR-4280	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536574	hsa-miR-4302	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536576	hsa-miR-4328	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536577	hsa-miR-4642	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536578	hsa-miR-4652-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536579	hsa-miR-4690-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1999206	hsa-miR-4711-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536580	hsa-miR-4739	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536581	hsa-miR-4756-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536582	hsa-miR-4775	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010207	hsa-miR-4799-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536583	hsa-miR-4803	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536584	hsa-miR-500a	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536585	hsa-miR-500b	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536586	hsa-miR-502-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2232894	hsa-miR-512-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536587	hsa-miR-520d-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536588	hsa-miR-524-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010210	hsa-miR-548ae	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010211	hsa-miR-548aj	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010212	hsa-miR-548am	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536589	hsa-miR-548m	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010213	hsa-miR-548x	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536590	hsa-miR-590-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2536591	hsa-miR-606	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010215	hsa-miR-655	CLIP-seq
MIRT1010216	hsa-miR-659	CLIP-seq

Transcription factors

Transcription factor	Regulation	Reference
ATM	Activation	20164679
BRCA1	Activation	10962562;17428466;18025037
BRCA1	Repression	18350249
BRCA1	Unknown	11777930;12647291
JUND	Activation	17084916
NFYA	Activation	11525640
NFYA	Unknown	11420680
POU2F1	Activation	11525640
POU2F1	Unknown	11420680
POU5F1	Unknown	11704867
TP53	Activation	10566557
TP53	Repression	17344317;18350249
TP53	Unknown	10327059;12007564;15031557;16581545;18225552

Gene ontology (GO)

GO ID	Ontology	Definition	Evidence	Reference
GO:0000079	Process	Regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity	TAS	10747892
GO:0000122	Process	Negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IMP	23329839
GO:0005515	Function	Protein binding	IDA	20460379
GO:0005515	Function	Protein binding	IPI	12052864, 12716909, 15328371, 16189514, 17268471, 21722948, 21988832, 23820005, 32296183, 32814053, 33961781, 37398436
GO:0005634	Component	Nucleus	IBA
GO:0005634	Component	Nucleus	IDA	9827804
GO:0005634	Component	Nucleus	IEA
GO:0005654	Component	Nucleoplasm	TAS
GO:0005737	Component	Cytoplasm	IBA
GO:0005737	Component	Cytoplasm	IDA	9827804
GO:0006281	Process	DNA repair	TAS	7973727
GO:0006915	Process	Apoptotic process	TAS	10828065
GO:0006974	Process	DNA damage response	IEA
GO:0007098	Process	Centrosome cycle	IEA
GO:0016525	Process	Negative regulation of angiogenesis	IEA
GO:0016607	Component	Nuclear speck	IDA
GO:0019900	Function	Kinase binding	IPI	20460379
GO:0033140	Process	Negative regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein	IMP	23329839
GO:0042770	Process	Signal transduction in response to DNA damage	IMP	20160708
GO:0042803	Function	Protein homodimerization activity	IDA	20460379
GO:0043065	Process	Positive regulation of apoptotic process	IDA	9827804
GO:0043537	Process	Negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration	IEA
GO:0043537	Process	Negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration	IMP	23329839
GO:0046330	Process	Positive regulation of JNK cascade	IDA	9827804
GO:0046330	Process	Positive regulation of JNK cascade	IEA
GO:0046982	Function	Protein heterodimerization activity	IPI	20460379
GO:0051726	Process	Regulation of cell cycle	IBA
GO:0051726	Process	Regulation of cell cycle	IEA
GO:0051726	Process	Regulation of cell cycle	IEA
GO:0051726	Process	Regulation of cell cycle	TAS	10747892
GO:0071260	Process	Cellular response to mechanical stimulus	IEP	19593445
GO:0071479	Process	Cellular response to ionizing radiation	IMP	20160708
GO:0071901	Process	Negative regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity	IMP	23329839
GO:1900745	Process	Positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade	IDA	9827804
GO:1900745	Process	Positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade	IEA
GO:1990841	Function	Promoter-specific chromatin binding	IEA
GO:2000379	Process	Positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	IMP	20160708

Other IDs

• MIM: 126335
• HGNC: 4095
• e!Ensembl: ENSG00000116717

Protein

• UniProt ID: P24522
• Protein name: Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha (DNA damage-inducible transcript 1 protein) (DDIT-1)
• Protein function: In T-cells, functions as a regulator of p38 MAPKs by inhibiting p88 phosphorylation and activity (By similarity). Might affect PCNA interaction with some CDK (cell division protein kinase) complexes; stimulates DNA excision repair in vitro and i
• PDB: 2KG4
• Family and domains:

  Pfam

  Accession	ID	Position in sequence	Description	Type
  PF01248	Ribosomal_L7Ae	21 → 123	Ribosomal protein L7Ae/L30e/S12e/Gadd45 family	Domain

• Sequence:

  MTLEEFSAGEQKTERMDKVGDALEEVLSKALSQRTITVGVYEAAKLLNVDPDNVVLCLLA
  ADEDDDRDVALQIHFTLIQAFCCENDINILRVSNPGRLAELLLLETDAGPAASEGAEQPP
  DLHCVLVTNPHSSQWKDPALSQLICFCRESRYMDQWVPVINLPER

• Sequence length: 165

Pathways

KEGG:

MAPK signaling pathway
NF-kappa B signaling pathway
FoxO signaling pathway
Cell cycle
p53 signaling pathway
Apoptosis
Cellular senescence
Epstein-Barr virus infection
Pathways in cancer
Transcriptional misregulation in cancer
Colorectal cancer
Pancreatic cancer
Endometrial cancer
Glioma
Thyroid cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Chronic myeloid leukemia
Small cell lung cancer
Non-small cell lung cancer
Breast cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Gastric cancer

Reactome:

TP53 Regulates Transcription of Genes Involved in G2 Cell Cycle Arrest

Associated diseases

Unknown
Phenotype Name	Clinical Significance	dbSNP ID	RCV Accession
Ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma	Uncertain significance	rs776252488	RCV005929140

Associations from Text Mining
Disease Name	Relationship Type	References
Acute Radiation Syndrome	Associate	38499035
Adenocarcinoma of Lung	Associate	31898443, 33221751
Anemia	Inhibit	26993769
Arthritis Rheumatoid	Stimulate	30138371
Atherosclerosis	Associate	30138371
Breast Neoplasms	Associate	23706118, 33369440, 33369470, 40012020
Carcinoma Hepatocellular	Associate	23114628, 37259059
Carcinoma Non Small Cell Lung	Associate	12878869, 20652500, 26993769, 28769054
Carcinoma Non Small Cell Lung	Inhibit	16827157
Carcinoma Renal Cell	Associate	21944129
Carcinoma Squamous Cell	Associate	28679648
Carcinosarcoma	Associate	40012020
Chemotherapy Related Cognitive Impairment	Associate	26993769
Colitis	Associate	30227886
Colorectal Neoplasms	Associate	28068431
Dermatomyositis	Associate	37259059
Diarrhea	Associate	30227886
Disease	Associate	19298651
Drug Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions	Associate	26993769
Esophageal Neoplasms	Associate	22313682, 30961474
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma	Associate	21734802
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension	Associate	31336611
Fibrosis	Associate	37059745
Glioblastoma	Associate	26871431, 28821714
Glioma	Associate	33885248
Hepatitis Chronic	Associate	37059745
Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome	Associate	23706118
Hypertelorism with esophageal abnormality and hypospadias	Associate	18480061
Hypoxia	Stimulate	18087215
Hypoxia	Associate	33293495
Inflammation	Associate	21944129
Lead Poisoning Nervous System	Associate	33293495
Leukemia	Associate	19298651, 31122263
Leukemia Lymphocytic Chronic B Cell	Associate	18945750
Leukemia Lymphoma Adult T Cell	Associate	10845931
Leukemia Myeloid Acute	Stimulate	19298651
Liver Diseases	Associate	37059745
Lung Neoplasms	Associate	12878869, 20652500
Lupus Erythematosus Systemic	Stimulate	20131288
Lupus Erythematosus Systemic	Associate	24082908
Lymphatic Metastasis	Associate	25450267
Lymphoma Non Hodgkin	Stimulate	19298651
Lymphoma T Cell Cutaneous	Associate	35787399
Melanoma	Associate	17703175, 29515153
Melanoma Cutaneous Malignant	Stimulate	25831048
Mental Disorders	Associate	37906604
Mouth Neoplasms	Associate	29386013
Muscular Atrophy	Associate	25567521, 30605403
Myocardial Infarction	Associate	33293495
Neoplasm Metastasis	Associate	25450267
Neoplasms	Associate	10654936, 12170778, 12888831, 16129820, 16207477, 17436581, 20652500, 25087872, 25450267, 26171936, 26422378, 26518708, 26885618, 27888805, 28052097, 29515153, 30177839, 37291119, 40012020, 9566896
Neoplasms	Inhibit	16827157, 22539223, 25015188, 33232900, 9356500
Neoplasms	Stimulate	22313682
Neoplasms Squamous Cell	Associate	22313682
Neuralgia	Associate	19128509, 29672183
Neuroblastoma	Associate	25469469
Neurotoxicity Syndromes	Associate	25469469
Obesity	Associate	29459183
Osteoarthritis	Associate	37962028
Ovarian Neoplasms	Associate	14506229, 19305429, 26422378
Pancreatic Neoplasms	Associate	33884928
Parkinson Disease	Associate	25469469
Prostatic Diseases	Associate	26171936
Prostatic Neoplasms	Associate	17280610, 21734453, 24658029, 26171936
Prostatic Neoplasms	Inhibit	26885618
Prostatitis	Associate	15736438
Sarcoma	Associate	21508354
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck	Associate	25450267, 28108672, 29386013, 35390246
Stomach Neoplasms	Associate	25015188, 31489901
Tn Syndrome	Associate	23706118
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms	Associate	35631261
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms	Stimulate	15270080
Wounds and Injuries	Associate	33293495