Gene Details | GeDiPNet - Complete Gene Info, Disease Associations & Pathways

Gene Gene miRNA Transcription factors Gene ontology Other IDs Protein Associated diseases
Entrez ID Entrez Gene ID - the GENE ID in NCBI Gene database.	7178
Gene name Gene Name - the full gene name approved by the HGNC.	Tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1
Gene symbol Gene Symbol - the official gene symbol approved by the HGNC.	TPT1
Synonyms (NCBI Gene) Gene synonyms aliases	HRF, TCTP, p02, p23
Chromosome Chromosome number	13
Chromosome location Chromosomal Location - indicates the cytogenetic location of the gene or region on the chromosome.	13q14.13
Summary Summary of gene provided in NCBI Entrez Gene.	This gene encodes a protein that is a regulator of cellular growth and proliferation. Its mRNA is highly structured and contains an oligopyrimidine tract (5`-TOP) in its 5` untranslated region that functions to repress its translation under quiescent cond

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miRTarBase ID	miRNA	Experiments	Reference
MIRT031462	hsa-miR-16-5p	Proteomics	18668040
MIRT052061	hsa-let-7b-5p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT048923	hsa-miR-92a-3p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT048923	hsa-miR-92a-3p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT048369	hsa-miR-29b-3p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT040607	hsa-miR-92b-3p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT039903	hsa-miR-615-3p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT036803	hsa-miR-374b-5p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT052823	hsa-miR-3200-3p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT445426	hsa-miR-100-3p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT445424	hsa-miR-3614-5p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT445423	hsa-miR-6500-3p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT445422	hsa-miR-5008-5p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT445421	hsa-miR-6089	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT445419	hsa-miR-6765-5p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT445418	hsa-miR-1304-5p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT496305	hsa-miR-1245b-5p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT496304	hsa-miR-3142	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT496303	hsa-miR-6840-3p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT496302	hsa-miR-1915-3p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT496301	hsa-miR-6764-5p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT496300	hsa-miR-4726-3p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT496299	hsa-miR-6887-3p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT496298	hsa-miR-6795-3p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT496297	hsa-miR-6069	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT496296	hsa-miR-6826-3p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT445426	hsa-miR-100-3p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445424	hsa-miR-3614-5p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445423	hsa-miR-6500-3p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445422	hsa-miR-5008-5p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445421	hsa-miR-6089	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445419	hsa-miR-6765-5p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445418	hsa-miR-1304-5p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445426	hsa-miR-100-3p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445424	hsa-miR-3614-5p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445423	hsa-miR-6500-3p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445422	hsa-miR-5008-5p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445421	hsa-miR-6089	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445420	hsa-miR-3926	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445419	hsa-miR-6765-5p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445418	hsa-miR-1304-5p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT439397	hsa-miR-544a	HITS-CLIP	24374217
MIRT726242	hsa-miR-27a-3p	HITS-CLIP	22473208
MIRT726241	hsa-miR-27b-3p	HITS-CLIP	22473208
MIRT439397	hsa-miR-544a	HITS-CLIP	24374217
MIRT445426	hsa-miR-100-3p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT445424	hsa-miR-3614-5p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT445423	hsa-miR-6500-3p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT445422	hsa-miR-5008-5p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT445421	hsa-miR-6089	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT445419	hsa-miR-6765-5p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT445418	hsa-miR-1304-5p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT496305	hsa-miR-1245b-5p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT496304	hsa-miR-3142	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT496303	hsa-miR-6840-3p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT496302	hsa-miR-1915-3p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT496301	hsa-miR-6764-5p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT496300	hsa-miR-4726-3p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT496299	hsa-miR-6887-3p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT496298	hsa-miR-6795-3p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT496297	hsa-miR-6069	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT496296	hsa-miR-6826-3p	PAR-CLIP	22291592
MIRT445426	hsa-miR-100-3p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445424	hsa-miR-3614-5p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445423	hsa-miR-6500-3p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445422	hsa-miR-5008-5p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445421	hsa-miR-6089	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445419	hsa-miR-6765-5p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445418	hsa-miR-1304-5p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445426	hsa-miR-100-3p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445424	hsa-miR-3614-5p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445423	hsa-miR-6500-3p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445422	hsa-miR-5008-5p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445421	hsa-miR-6089	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445420	hsa-miR-3926	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445419	hsa-miR-6765-5p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT445418	hsa-miR-1304-5p	PAR-CLIP	22100165
MIRT756039	hsa-miR-145-5p	Luciferase reporter assay, Western blotting, qRT-PCR	35371310
MIRT1450441	hsa-miR-1255a	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450442	hsa-miR-1255b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450443	hsa-miR-125a-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450444	hsa-miR-1272	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450445	hsa-miR-1322	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450446	hsa-miR-147	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450447	hsa-miR-1910	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450448	hsa-miR-298	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450449	hsa-miR-302f	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450450	hsa-miR-3064-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450451	hsa-miR-3145-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450452	hsa-miR-3670	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450453	hsa-miR-3691-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450454	hsa-miR-3911	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450455	hsa-miR-3913-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450456	hsa-miR-455-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450457	hsa-miR-4676-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450458	hsa-miR-4694-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450459	hsa-miR-4709-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450460	hsa-miR-4715-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450461	hsa-miR-4752	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450462	hsa-miR-4786-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450463	hsa-miR-489	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450464	hsa-miR-511	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450465	hsa-miR-548ac	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450466	hsa-miR-548ae	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450467	hsa-miR-548aj	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450468	hsa-miR-548am	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450469	hsa-miR-548d-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450470	hsa-miR-548x	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450471	hsa-miR-548z	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450472	hsa-miR-552	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450473	hsa-miR-575	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450474	hsa-miR-644	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450441	hsa-miR-1255a	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450442	hsa-miR-1255b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450444	hsa-miR-1272	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450445	hsa-miR-1322	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450446	hsa-miR-147	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450448	hsa-miR-298	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450453	hsa-miR-3691-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450454	hsa-miR-3911	CLIP-seq
MIRT1555182	hsa-miR-4307	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450457	hsa-miR-4676-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450458	hsa-miR-4694-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1555183	hsa-miR-4714-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450461	hsa-miR-4752	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450462	hsa-miR-4786-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450473	hsa-miR-575	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450474	hsa-miR-644	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450441	hsa-miR-1255a	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450442	hsa-miR-1255b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450443	hsa-miR-125a-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450444	hsa-miR-1272	CLIP-seq
MIRT2134655	hsa-miR-128	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450445	hsa-miR-1322	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450446	hsa-miR-147	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450447	hsa-miR-1910	CLIP-seq
MIRT2134656	hsa-miR-27a	CLIP-seq
MIRT2134657	hsa-miR-27b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450448	hsa-miR-298	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450451	hsa-miR-3145-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450453	hsa-miR-3691-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450454	hsa-miR-3911	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450455	hsa-miR-3913-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1555182	hsa-miR-4307	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450456	hsa-miR-455-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450457	hsa-miR-4676-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450458	hsa-miR-4694-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2134658	hsa-miR-4698	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450461	hsa-miR-4752	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450462	hsa-miR-4786-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450463	hsa-miR-489	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450464	hsa-miR-511	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450465	hsa-miR-548ac	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450466	hsa-miR-548ae	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450467	hsa-miR-548aj	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450468	hsa-miR-548am	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450469	hsa-miR-548d-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450470	hsa-miR-548x	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450471	hsa-miR-548z	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450472	hsa-miR-552	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450473	hsa-miR-575	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450474	hsa-miR-644	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450441	hsa-miR-1255a	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450442	hsa-miR-1255b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450444	hsa-miR-1272	CLIP-seq
MIRT2134655	hsa-miR-128	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450445	hsa-miR-1322	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450446	hsa-miR-147	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450447	hsa-miR-1910	CLIP-seq
MIRT2134656	hsa-miR-27a	CLIP-seq
MIRT2134657	hsa-miR-27b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450448	hsa-miR-298	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450451	hsa-miR-3145-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2355962	hsa-miR-3646	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450452	hsa-miR-3670	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450453	hsa-miR-3691-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450454	hsa-miR-3911	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450455	hsa-miR-3913-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1555182	hsa-miR-4307	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450456	hsa-miR-455-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450457	hsa-miR-4676-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450458	hsa-miR-4694-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2134658	hsa-miR-4698	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450459	hsa-miR-4709-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450461	hsa-miR-4752	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450462	hsa-miR-4786-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450463	hsa-miR-489	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450464	hsa-miR-511	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450465	hsa-miR-548ac	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450466	hsa-miR-548ae	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450467	hsa-miR-548aj	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450468	hsa-miR-548am	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450469	hsa-miR-548d-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450470	hsa-miR-548x	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450471	hsa-miR-548z	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450473	hsa-miR-575	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450474	hsa-miR-644	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450443	hsa-miR-125a-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450447	hsa-miR-1910	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450455	hsa-miR-3913-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450456	hsa-miR-455-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450463	hsa-miR-489	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450464	hsa-miR-511	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450472	hsa-miR-552	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450441	hsa-miR-1255a	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450442	hsa-miR-1255b	CLIP-seq
MIRT2134655	hsa-miR-128	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450446	hsa-miR-147	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450447	hsa-miR-1910	CLIP-seq
MIRT2134656	hsa-miR-27a	CLIP-seq
MIRT2134657	hsa-miR-27b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450451	hsa-miR-3145-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450453	hsa-miR-3691-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450454	hsa-miR-3911	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450455	hsa-miR-3913-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1555182	hsa-miR-4307	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450456	hsa-miR-455-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450458	hsa-miR-4694-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450461	hsa-miR-4752	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450463	hsa-miR-489	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450464	hsa-miR-511	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450465	hsa-miR-548ac	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450466	hsa-miR-548ae	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450467	hsa-miR-548aj	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450468	hsa-miR-548am	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450469	hsa-miR-548d-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450470	hsa-miR-548x	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450471	hsa-miR-548z	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450474	hsa-miR-644	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450441	hsa-miR-1255a	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450442	hsa-miR-1255b	CLIP-seq
MIRT2134655	hsa-miR-128	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450446	hsa-miR-147	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450447	hsa-miR-1910	CLIP-seq
MIRT2134656	hsa-miR-27a	CLIP-seq
MIRT2134657	hsa-miR-27b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450451	hsa-miR-3145-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450453	hsa-miR-3691-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450454	hsa-miR-3911	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450455	hsa-miR-3913-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1555182	hsa-miR-4307	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450456	hsa-miR-455-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450458	hsa-miR-4694-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450461	hsa-miR-4752	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450463	hsa-miR-489	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450464	hsa-miR-511	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450465	hsa-miR-548ac	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450466	hsa-miR-548ae	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450467	hsa-miR-548aj	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450468	hsa-miR-548am	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450469	hsa-miR-548d-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450470	hsa-miR-548x	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450471	hsa-miR-548z	CLIP-seq
MIRT1450474	hsa-miR-644	CLIP-seq

Transcription factors

Show/Hide all(1)

Transcription factor	Regulation	Reference
VDR	Activation	19815065

Show/Hide all(20)

GO ID	Ontology	Definition	Evidence	Reference
GO:0000922	Component	Spindle pole	IDA	15162379
GO:0003723	Function	RNA binding	HDA	22658674
GO:0005509	Function	Calcium ion binding	IBA	21873635
GO:0005509	Function	Calcium ion binding	IDA	15162379, 15958728
GO:0005515	Function	Protein binding	IPI	16730713, 17301792, 18325344, 21081126, 21278788, 22451927, 25277244, 25416956, 27607350
GO:0005615	Component	Extracellular space	IDA	15319436
GO:0005634	Component	Nucleus	IDA	11598139
GO:0005737	Component	Cytoplasm	IBA	21873635
GO:0005737	Component	Cytoplasm	IDA	15162379
GO:0005737	Component	Cytoplasm	TAS	16130169
GO:0005771	Component	Multivesicular body	IDA	15319436
GO:0005829	Component	Cytosol	IDA
GO:0005881	Component	Cytoplasmic microtubule	IDA	15162379
GO:0006816	Process	Calcium ion transport	IC	15958728
GO:0006874	Process	Cellular calcium ion homeostasis	IC	15958728
GO:0009615	Process	Response to virus	IEP	16548883
GO:0042981	Process	Regulation of apoptotic process	NAS	15162379
GO:0043066	Process	Negative regulation of apoptotic process	TAS	16130169
GO:0070062	Component	Extracellular exosome	HDA	23533145
GO:1902230	Process	Negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage	IMP	11598139

MIM	HGNC	e!Ensembl
600763	12022	ENSG00000133112

Protein

UniProt ID

P13693

Protein name

Translationally-controlled tumor protein (TCTP) (Fortilin) (Histamine-releasing factor) (HRF) (p23)

Protein function

Involved in calcium binding and microtubule stabilization (PubMed:12167714, PubMed:15162379, PubMed:15958728). Acts as a negative regulator of TSC22D1-mediated apoptosis, via interaction with and destabilization of TSC22D1 protein (PubMed:183253

PDB

1YZ1 , 2HR9 , 3EBM , 4Z9V , 5O9L , 5O9M , 6IZB , 6IZE

Family and domains

Pfam

Accession	ID	Position in sequence	Description	Type
PF00838	TCTP	1 → 168	Translationally controlled tumour protein	Domain

Tissue specificity

TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Found in several healthy and tumoral cells including erythrocytes, hepatocytes, macrophages, platelets, keratinocytes, erythroleukemia cells, gliomas, melanomas, hepatoblastomas, and lymphomas. It cannot be detected in kidney and renal

Sequence

MIIYRDLISHDEMFSDIYKIREIADGLCLEVEGKMVSRTEGNIDDSLIGGNASAEGPEGE
GTESTVITGVDIVMNHHLQETSFTKEAYKKYIKDYMKSIKGKLEEQRPERVKPFMTGAAE
QIKHILANFKNYQFFIGENMNPDGMVALLDYREDGVTPYMIFFKDGLEMEKC

Sequence length

172

Interactions

View interactions

Show/Hide Causal Diseases (2)

Disease term	Disease name	dbSNP ID	References
Causal
Prostate cancer	Malignant neoplasm of prostate	rs121909139, rs121909140, rs121909141, rs121909142, rs121909143, rs606231169, rs606231170, rs137852584, rs137852578, rs137852580, rs137852581, rs137852582	17199135
Schizophrenia	Schizophrenia	rs13447324, rs387906932, rs387906933, rs863223354, rs863223355, rs776061422, rs863223349, rs748809996, rs759748655, rs863223353, rs863223350, rs863223356, rs781821239, rs863223348, rs863223346 View all (12 more)	12872291

Show/Hide Unknown Diseases (2)

Disease term	Disease name	Source
Unknown
Diabetes	Diabetes	GWAS
Alzheimer disease	Alzheimer disease	GWAS

Show/Hide Text Mining Associations (39)

Disease Name	Relationship Type	References
Associations from Text Mining
Adenocarcinoma	Stimulate	28143584
Astrocytoma	Associate	36714975
Atherosclerosis	Associate	34626801
Breast Neoplasms	Associate	17127214, 25779659
Carcinogenesis	Associate	26425551, 32792860
Carcinoma Hepatocellular	Associate	34498708
Carcinoma Non Small Cell Lung	Associate	24761856, 32046740
Carcinoma Pancreatic Ductal	Associate	35534983
Carcinoma Renal Cell	Associate	26425551
Cardiomyopathies	Stimulate	38025678
Colonic Diseases	Stimulate	28143584
Colorectal Neoplasms	Associate	23203071, 28143584, 32248186
Congenital thrombotic disease due to Protein C deficiency	Associate	32792860
Glioma	Associate	23749504, 26328748, 27764782
Heart Diseases	Associate	34626801
Hemangioblastoma	Associate	9665461
Inflammation	Associate	34626801
Intestinal Diseases	Associate	28536478
Keratitis Herpetic	Associate	22853445
Lung Neoplasms	Stimulate	19116456
Lung Neoplasms	Associate	21081126, 24761856, 32046740
Lymphatic Metastasis	Associate	32156253
Lymphatic Metastasis	Stimulate	34498708
Malaria	Associate	25779659
Metabolic Side Effects of Drugs and Substances	Associate	32046740
Neoplasm Metastasis	Stimulate	32046740
Neoplasm Metastasis	Associate	32248186, 35534983
Neoplasms	Associate	12399545, 16193335, 18359981, 21081126, 23042265, 23749504, 24606760, 25779659, 26328748, 26921194, 28846114, 28958626, 32046740, 33492639
Neoplasms	Inhibit	14623968
Neoplasms	Stimulate	28143584
Nephrosis congenital	Associate	16178871
Nephrotic Syndrome	Stimulate	16178871
Neuroblastoma	Associate	18797883
Ovarian Neoplasms	Associate	18325344, 23042265, 32156253, 34224310
Pancreatic Neoplasms	Associate	32792860, 35534983
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome	Associate	38243290
Stomach Neoplasms	Associate	22468085, 32156253
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms	Associate	28846114
von Hippel Lindau Disease	Associate	9665461

TPT1 (tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1)