Gene Details | GeDiPNet - Complete Gene Info, Disease Associations & Pathways

Gene Gene information from NCBI Gene database. Gene miRNA Gene ontology Other IDs Protein Pathways Associated diseases
Entrez ID	8514
Gene name	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A regulatory beta subunit 2
Gene symbol	KCNAB2
Synonyms (NCBI Gene)	AKR6A5HKvbeta2HKvbeta2.1HKvbeta2.2KCNA2BKV-BETA-2
Chromosome	1
Chromosome location	1p36.31
Summary	Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels represent the most complex class of voltage-gated ion channels from both functional and structural standpoints. Their diverse functions include regulating neurotransmitter release, heart rate, insulin secretion, neuro

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Show/Hide all (110)

miRTarBase ID	miRNA	Experiments
MIRT1080364	hsa-miR-125a-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080365	hsa-miR-125b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080366	hsa-miR-3124-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080367	hsa-miR-3180-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080368	hsa-miR-324-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080369	hsa-miR-362-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080370	hsa-miR-4270	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080371	hsa-miR-4319	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080372	hsa-miR-4441	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080373	hsa-miR-4685-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080374	hsa-miR-4732-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080375	hsa-miR-500b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080376	hsa-miR-544b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080377	hsa-miR-670	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080378	hsa-miR-339-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080379	hsa-miR-3649	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080380	hsa-miR-3667-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080381	hsa-miR-3689a-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080382	hsa-miR-3689c	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080383	hsa-miR-4648	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080384	hsa-miR-4728-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080385	hsa-miR-483-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080386	hsa-miR-668	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080387	hsa-miR-671-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080388	hsa-miR-1286	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080389	hsa-miR-214	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080390	hsa-miR-3155	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080391	hsa-miR-3155b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080392	hsa-miR-3169	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080393	hsa-miR-3619-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080394	hsa-miR-3654	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080395	hsa-miR-4515	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080396	hsa-miR-4520a-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080397	hsa-miR-4638-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080398	hsa-miR-4690-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080399	hsa-miR-484	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080400	hsa-miR-761	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080401	hsa-miR-2355-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080402	hsa-miR-3202	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080403	hsa-miR-4286	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080404	hsa-miR-4425	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080405	hsa-miR-4475	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080406	hsa-miR-4747-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080407	hsa-miR-617	CLIP-seq
MIRT2019979	hsa-miR-4447	CLIP-seq
MIRT2019980	hsa-miR-4472	CLIP-seq
MIRT2019979	hsa-miR-4447	CLIP-seq
MIRT2019980	hsa-miR-4472	CLIP-seq
MIRT2019981	hsa-miR-4514	CLIP-seq
MIRT2019982	hsa-miR-4651	CLIP-seq
MIRT2019983	hsa-miR-4692	CLIP-seq
MIRT2019984	hsa-miR-608	CLIP-seq
MIRT2452158	hsa-miR-1302	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080389	hsa-miR-214	CLIP-seq
MIRT2452159	hsa-miR-2861	CLIP-seq
MIRT2452160	hsa-miR-3122	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080390	hsa-miR-3155	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080391	hsa-miR-3155b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080392	hsa-miR-3169	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080393	hsa-miR-3619-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080394	hsa-miR-3654	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080381	hsa-miR-3689a-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080382	hsa-miR-3689c	CLIP-seq
MIRT2452161	hsa-miR-3689d	CLIP-seq
MIRT2452162	hsa-miR-3913-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2452163	hsa-miR-3978	CLIP-seq
MIRT2452164	hsa-miR-4298	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080395	hsa-miR-4515	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080396	hsa-miR-4520a-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080397	hsa-miR-4638-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2452165	hsa-miR-4650-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080398	hsa-miR-4690-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080384	hsa-miR-4728-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2452166	hsa-miR-4796-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080399	hsa-miR-484	CLIP-seq
MIRT2452167	hsa-miR-661	CLIP-seq
MIRT2452168	hsa-miR-7	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080400	hsa-miR-761	CLIP-seq
MIRT2452169	hsa-miR-765	CLIP-seq
MIRT2452158	hsa-miR-1302	CLIP-seq
MIRT2452159	hsa-miR-2861	CLIP-seq
MIRT2452160	hsa-miR-3122	CLIP-seq
MIRT2452162	hsa-miR-3913-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2452164	hsa-miR-4298	CLIP-seq
MIRT2452165	hsa-miR-4650-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2452167	hsa-miR-661	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080389	hsa-miR-214	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080390	hsa-miR-3155	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080391	hsa-miR-3155b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080392	hsa-miR-3169	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080393	hsa-miR-3619-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080394	hsa-miR-3654	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080395	hsa-miR-4515	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080396	hsa-miR-4520a-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080397	hsa-miR-4638-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080398	hsa-miR-4690-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080399	hsa-miR-484	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080400	hsa-miR-761	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080389	hsa-miR-214	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080390	hsa-miR-3155	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080391	hsa-miR-3155b	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080392	hsa-miR-3169	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080393	hsa-miR-3619-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080394	hsa-miR-3654	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080395	hsa-miR-4515	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080396	hsa-miR-4520a-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080397	hsa-miR-4638-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080398	hsa-miR-4690-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080399	hsa-miR-484	CLIP-seq
MIRT1080400	hsa-miR-761	CLIP-seq

Show/Hide all (36)

GO ID	Ontology	Definition	Evidence	Reference
GO:0005249	Function	Voltage-gated potassium channel activity	IEA
GO:0005515	Function	Protein binding	IPI	21357749, 32814053, 33961781
GO:0005737	Component	Cytoplasm	IEA
GO:0005829	Component	Cytosol	ISS
GO:0005856	Component	Cytoskeleton	IEA
GO:0005874	Component	Microtubule	ISS
GO:0005886	Component	Plasma membrane	IEA
GO:0005886	Component	Plasma membrane	TAS
GO:0006811	Process	Monoatomic ion transport	IEA
GO:0006813	Process	Potassium ion transport	IEA
GO:0008076	Component	Voltage-gated potassium channel complex	IBA
GO:0008076	Component	Voltage-gated potassium channel complex	IDA	11086297
GO:0008106	Function	Alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity	IBA
GO:0008106	Function	Alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity	ISS
GO:0009898	Component	Cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane	ISS
GO:0015459	Function	Potassium channel regulator activity	IBA
GO:0015459	Function	Potassium channel regulator activity	IDA	7649300
GO:0016020	Component	Membrane	IDA	11086297
GO:0016020	Component	Membrane	IEA
GO:0016491	Function	Oxidoreductase activity	IEA
GO:0030424	Component	Axon	IEA
GO:0035579	Component	Specific granule membrane	TAS
GO:0042995	Component	Cell projection	IEA
GO:0043005	Component	Neuron projection	IEA
GO:0044224	Component	Juxtaparanode region of axon	IBA
GO:0044224	Component	Juxtaparanode region of axon	IDA	11086297
GO:0044224	Component	Juxtaparanode region of axon	ISS
GO:0044325	Function	Transmembrane transporter binding	IBA
GO:0045202	Component	Synapse	IEA
GO:0070821	Component	Tertiary granule membrane	TAS
GO:0071805	Process	Potassium ion transmembrane transport	IEA
GO:1901379	Process	Regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport	IBA
GO:1901379	Process	Regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport	IDA	7649300
GO:1990002	Function	Methylglyoxal reductase (NADPH) (acetol producing) activity	IEA
GO:1990031	Component	Pinceau fiber	ISS
GO:2000008	Process	Regulation of protein localization to cell surface	ISS

MIM	HGNC	e!Ensembl
601142	6229	ENSG00000069424

Q13303

Protein name

Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit beta-2 (EC 1.1.1.-) (K(+) channel subunit beta-2) (Kv-beta-2) (hKvbeta2)

Protein function

Regulatory subunit of the voltage-gated potassium (Kv) Shaker channels composed of pore-forming and potassium-conducting alpha subunits and of regulatory beta subunits (PubMed:11825900, PubMed:7649300). The beta-2/KCNAB2 cytoplasmic subunit prom

PDB

1ZSX , 7EJ1 , 7EJ2 , 7WF3 , 7WF4

Family and domains

Pfam

Accession	ID	Position in sequence	Description	Type
PF00248	Aldo_ket_red	51 → 356	Aldo/keto reductase family	Domain

Tissue specificity

TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Detected in myelinated nerve fibers in the spinal cord, in the juxtaparanodal region of the nodes of Ranvier, but also in the paranodal region (PubMed:11086297). Detected in hippocampus (at protein level) (PubMed:21357749). Detected in

Sequence

MYPESTTGSPARLSLRQTGSPGMIYSTRYGSPKRQLQFYRNLGKSGLRVSCLGLGTWVTF
GGQITDEMAEQLMTLAYDNGINLFDTAEVYAAGKAEVVLGNIIKKKGWRRSSLVITTKIF
WGGKAETERGLSRKHIIEGLKASLERLQLEYVDVVFANRPDPNTPMEETVRAMTHVINQG
MAMYWGTSRWSSMEIMEAYSVARQFNLTPPICEQAEYHMFQREKVEVQLPELFHKIGVGA
MTWSPLACGIVSGKYDSGIPPYSRASLKGYQWLKDKILSEEGRRQQAKLKELQAIAERLG
CTLPQLAIAWCLRNEGVSSVLLGASNADQLMENIGAIQVLPKLSSSIIHEIDSILGNKPY
SKKDYRS

Sequence length

367

Interactions

View interactions

	Reactome
			Voltage gated Potassium channels Neutrophil degranulation

Evidence Score: ★☆☆☆☆ Gene-disease association found in Text Mining only ★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining and Unknown/Other Associations ★★★☆☆ Reported in Unknown/Other Associations across ≥2 Sources ★★★★☆ ClinVar: Pathogenic/Likely Pathogenic (<5 Variants) ★★★★★ ClinVar: Pathogenic/Likely Pathogenic (≥5 Variants)

Show/Hide Unknown Diseases (13)

Phenotype Name	Clinical Significance	Source	Evidence Score
Unknown / Other Associations ClinVar entries with uncertain/conflicting evidence, and associations from other databases (OMIM, Orphanet, GWAS, etc.) where the gene is not established as causal.
1P36 DELETION SYNDROME	—	Orphanet	★★★★★ ★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Cervical cancer	Likely benign	ClinVar	★★★★★ ★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
CHROMOSOME 1P36 DELETION SYNDROME	—	Disgenet	★★★★★ ★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Clear cell carcinoma of kidney	Benign	ClinVar	★★★★★ ★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
EPILEPSY	—	CTD, Disgenet CTD, Disgenet	★★★★★ ★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Familial cancer of breast	Benign	ClinVar	★★★★★ ★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
KCNAB2-related disorder	Benign; Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity; Likely benign	ClinVar	★★★★★ ★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
KCNAB2-related epilepsy	Uncertain significance	ClinVar	★★★★★ ★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Malignant tumor of esophagus	Likely benign	ClinVar	★★★★★ ★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma	Benign	ClinVar	★★★★★ ★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Sarcoma	Benign	ClinVar	★★★★★ ★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Thymoma	Likely benign	ClinVar	★★★★★ ★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma	Likely benign; Benign	ClinVar	★★★★★ ★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations

Show/Hide Text Mining Associations (69)

Disease Name	Disease (Merged)	Source	PMID	Relationship Type	Evidence Score
Associations from Text Mining Disease associations identified through text mining
1p36 deletion syndrome	1p36 deletion syndrome	Orphanet			★★★★★ ★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Agenesis of corpus callosum	Agenesis Of Corpus Callosum	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Albinism, Ocular	Ocular albinism	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Aneurysm of aortic arch	Aneurysm Of Aortic Arch	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Annular pancreas	Annular pancreas	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Atrial Fibrillation	Atrial Fibrillation	BEFREE	23264583		★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Autistic Disorder	Autism	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Awakening Epilepsy	Epilepsy	CTD_human_DG	11580756		★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Brachycephaly	Brachycephaly	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Brachydactyly	Brachydactyly	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Brugada Syndrome	Brugada syndrome	Pubtator	27287695	Associate	★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Brugada Syndrome (disorder)	Brugada Syndrome	BEFREE	27287695		★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Carcinoma Renal Cell	Renal cell carcinoma	Pubtator	36789694	Associate	★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated	Cardiomyopathy	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Cataract	Cataract	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Cerebral cortical atrophy	Cerebral cortical atrophy	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Chromosome 1p36 Deletion Syndrome	1p36 Deletion Syndrome	BEFREE	11580756, 16023556		★★★★★ ★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Chromosome 1p36 Deletion Syndrome	Chromosome 1p36 deletion syndrome	Pubtator	11580756	Inhibit	★★★★★ ★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Chromosome 1p36 Deletion Syndrome	1p36 Deletion Syndrome	ORPHANET_DG	17633087, 22766398		★★★★★ ★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Chronic Disease	Chronic disease	Pubtator	11580756	Associate	★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Clinodactyly of the 5th finger	Camptodactyly of fingers	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Colorectal Neoplasms	Colorectal neoplasm	Pubtator	36359834	Associate	★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Conductive hearing loss	Hearing Loss	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Congenital anomaly of neck	Congenital Anomaly Of Neck	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Congenital Epicanthus	Congenital Epicanthus	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Congenital fusion of ribs	Rib fusion	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Congenital hypoplasia of penis	Congenital Hypoplasia Of Penis	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Congenital small ears	Microtia	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Cranial nerve palsies	Cranial Nerve Paralysis	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Cryptorchidism	Cryptorchidism	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Deglutition Disorders	Dysphagia	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Diabetes Gestational	Gestational diabetes	Pubtator	35721735	Associate	★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Dwarfism	Dwarfism	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Epilepsy	Epilepsy	BEFREE	11580756		★★★★★ ★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Epilepsy	Epilepsy	CTD_human_DG	11580756		★★★★★ ★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Epilepsy	Epilepsy	Pubtator	11580756	Associate	★★★★★ ★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Epilepsy, Cryptogenic	Epilepsy	CTD_human_DG	11580756		★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Fatty Liver	Fatty Liver	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Frontal bossing	Frontal bossing	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Gastroesophageal reflux disease	Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Global developmental delay	Developmental Delay	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Heart Septal Defects	Heart Septal Defects	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Hemiplegia/hemiparesis	Hemiplegia/hemiparesis	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Hydronephrosis	Hydronephrosis	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Hypogonadism	Hypogonadism	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Hypospadias	Hypospadias	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Hypothyroidism	Hypothyroidism	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Infantile Spasm	Infantile Spasms	BEFREE	11580756		★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Intellectual Disability	Mental retardation	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Kidney Neoplasms	Kidney neoplasm	Pubtator	36789694	Associate	★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Microcephaly	Microcephaly	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Microstomia	Microstomia	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Myopathy	Myopathy	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Neuroblastoma	Neuroblastoma	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Nystagmus	Nystagmus	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Obesity	Obesity	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Optic Atrophy	Optic Atrophy	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Patent ductus arteriosus	Patent ductus arteriosus	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Pituitary Adenoma	Pituitary adenoma	BEFREE	24781529		★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Pituitary Neoplasms	Pituitary neoplasm	Pubtator	24781529	Associate	★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Polydactyly of toes	Polydactyly Of Toes	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Scoliosis, unspecified	Scoliosis	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Sensorineural Hearing Loss (disorder)	Hearing Loss	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Simple renal cyst	Renal cyst	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Steatohepatitis	Fatty Liver	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Stereotyped Behavior	Stereotyped Behavior	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Strabismus	Strabismus	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Tetralogy of Fallot	Tetralogy of Fallot	HPO_DG			★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
West Syndrome	West Syndrome	BEFREE	11580756		★★★★★ ★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only

KCNAB2 (potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A regulatory beta subunit 2)