APOC2 (apolipoprotein C2)

Gene

• Entrez ID: 344
• Gene name: Apolipoprotein C2
• Gene symbol: APOC2
• Synonyms (NCBI Gene): APO-CII, APOC-II
• Chromosome: 19
• Chromosome location: 19q13.32
• Summary: This gene encodes a lipid-binding protein belonging to the apolipoprotein gene family. The protein is secreted in plasma where it is a component of very low density lipoprotein. This protein activates the enzyme lipoprotein lipase, which hydrolyzes trigly

miRNA

miRTarBase ID	miRNA	Experiments	Reference
MIRT2173212	hsa-miR-142-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2173213	hsa-miR-3907	CLIP-seq
MIRT2173214	hsa-miR-409-3p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2173215	hsa-miR-548a-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2173216	hsa-miR-548ab	CLIP-seq
MIRT2173217	hsa-miR-548ak	CLIP-seq
MIRT2173218	hsa-miR-548b-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2173219	hsa-miR-548c-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2173220	hsa-miR-548d-5p	CLIP-seq
MIRT2173221	hsa-miR-548h	CLIP-seq
MIRT2173222	hsa-miR-548i	CLIP-seq
MIRT2173223	hsa-miR-548j	CLIP-seq
MIRT2173224	hsa-miR-548k	CLIP-seq
MIRT2173225	hsa-miR-548l	CLIP-seq
MIRT2173226	hsa-miR-548w	CLIP-seq
MIRT2173227	hsa-miR-548y	CLIP-seq
MIRT2173228	hsa-miR-559	CLIP-seq

Gene ontology (GO)

GO ID	Ontology	Definition	Evidence	Reference
GO:0005515	Function	Protein binding	IPI	32296183
GO:0005576	Component	Extracellular region	IEA
GO:0005576	Component	Extracellular region	NAS	14718574
GO:0005576	Component	Extracellular region	TAS
GO:0005615	Component	Extracellular space	IDA	10727238
GO:0005769	Component	Early endosome	TAS
GO:0006629	Process	Lipid metabolic process	IEA
GO:0006869	Process	Lipid transport	IEA
GO:0008047	Function	Enzyme activator activity	IEA
GO:0008289	Function	Lipid binding	IDA	10727238
GO:0010898	Process	Positive regulation of triglyceride catabolic process	IDA	10727238
GO:0010902	Process	Positive regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling	IDA	10727238
GO:0010916	Process	Negative regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance	IDA	1917954
GO:0016004	Function	Phospholipase activator activity	IBA
GO:0016004	Function	Phospholipase activator activity	IDA	10727238
GO:0016042	Process	Lipid catabolic process	IEA
GO:0032375	Process	Negative regulation of cholesterol transport	IMP	15778093
GO:0033344	Process	Cholesterol efflux	IDA	11162594
GO:0033700	Process	Phospholipid efflux	IDA	11162594
GO:0034361	Component	Very-low-density lipoprotein particle	IBA
GO:0034361	Component	Very-low-density lipoprotein particle	IDA	8245722
GO:0034361	Component	Very-low-density lipoprotein particle	IEA
GO:0034362	Component	Low-density lipoprotein particle	IBA
GO:0034362	Component	Low-density lipoprotein particle	IDA	8245722
GO:0034362	Component	Low-density lipoprotein particle	IEA
GO:0034363	Component	Intermediate-density lipoprotein particle	IBA
GO:0034363	Component	Intermediate-density lipoprotein particle	IDA	17336988
GO:0034364	Component	High-density lipoprotein particle	IEA
GO:0034366	Component	Spherical high-density lipoprotein particle	IBA
GO:0034366	Component	Spherical high-density lipoprotein particle	IDA	16682745
GO:0034370	Process	Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle remodeling	TAS	17018885
GO:0034371	Process	Chylomicron remodeling	IDA	10727238
GO:0034372	Process	Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling	TAS	15778093
GO:0034382	Process	Chylomicron remnant clearance	IBA
GO:0034382	Process	Chylomicron remnant clearance	IDA	4020294
GO:0034384	Process	High-density lipoprotein particle clearance	IBA
GO:0034384	Process	High-density lipoprotein particle clearance	IMP	15778093
GO:0042159	Process	Lipoprotein catabolic process	IBA
GO:0042627	Component	Chylomicron	IBA
GO:0042627	Component	Chylomicron	IDA	8245722
GO:0042627	Component	Chylomicron	IEA
GO:0042632	Process	Cholesterol homeostasis	IC	15778093
GO:0042802	Function	Identical protein binding	IPI	28229588
GO:0043274	Function	Phospholipase binding	IBA
GO:0043274	Function	Phospholipase binding	IPI	10727238
GO:0043691	Process	Reverse cholesterol transport	IC	15778093
GO:0045723	Process	Positive regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process	IDA	10727238
GO:0045833	Process	Negative regulation of lipid metabolic process	IDA	182536
GO:0048261	Process	Negative regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis	IDA	1917954
GO:0055102	Function	Lipase inhibitor activity	IDA	182536
GO:0060230	Function	Lipoprotein lipase activator activity	IDA	270715, 10727238, 15878877
GO:0060697	Process	Positive regulation of phospholipid catabolic process	IDA	10727238
GO:0070328	Process	Triglyceride homeostasis	IMP	17018885
GO:0140677	Function	Molecular function activator activity	EXP	15209504

Other IDs

• MIM: 608083
• HGNC: 609
• e!Ensembl: ENSG00000234906

Protein

• UniProt ID: P02655
• Protein name: Apolipoprotein C-II (Apo-CII) (ApoC-II) (Apolipoprotein C2) [Cleaved into: Proapolipoprotein C-II (ProapoC-II)]
• Protein function: Component of chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in plasma. Plays an important role in lipoprotein metabolism as an activator of lipoprotein lipase. Both proapol
• PDB: 1BY6, 1I5J, 1O8T, 1SOH
• Family and domains:

  Pfam

  Accession	ID	Position in sequence	Description	Type
  PF05355	Apo-CII	24 → 100	Apolipoprotein C-II	Family

• Tissue specificity: TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Liver and intestine. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:6546757}.
• Sequence:

  MGTRLLPALFLVLLVLGFEVQGTQQPQQDEMPSPTFLTQVKESLSSYWESAKTAAQNLYE
  KTYLPAVDEKLRDLYSKSTAAMSTYTGIFTDQVLSVLKGEE

• Sequence length: 101

Pathways

KEGG:

Cholesterol metabolism

Reactome:

Chylomicron assembly
Chylomicron remodeling
HDL remodeling
NR1H3 & NR1H2 regulate gene expression linked to cholesterol transport and efflux
Retinoid metabolism and transport

Associated diseases

Evidence Score:

• ★☆☆☆☆  Gene-disease association found in Text Mining only
• ★★☆☆☆  Found in Text Mining and Unknown/Other Associations
• ★★★☆☆  Reported in Unknown/Other Associations across ≥2 Sources
• ★★★★☆  ClinVar: Pathogenic/Likely Pathogenic (<5 Variants)
• ★★★★★  ClinVar: Pathogenic/Likely Pathogenic (≥5 Variants)

Causal
Phenotype Name	Clinical Significance	dbSNP ID	RCV Accession	Evidence Score
APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II (AUCKLAND)	Pathogenic	rs120074116	RCV000002701	★★★★☆ ClinVar: Pathogenic / Likely Pathogenic (<5 Variants)
APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II (BARI)	Pathogenic	rs120074111	RCV000002695	★★★★☆ ClinVar: Pathogenic / Likely Pathogenic (<5 Variants)
APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II (HAMBURG)	Pathogenic	rs111628497	RCV000002689	★★★★☆ ClinVar: Pathogenic / Likely Pathogenic (<5 Variants)
APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II (PADOVA)	Likely pathogenic	rs120074111	RCV000002683	★★★★☆ ClinVar: Pathogenic / Likely Pathogenic (<5 Variants)
APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II (PARIS)	Likely pathogenic	rs120074112	RCV000002693	★★★★☆ ClinVar: Pathogenic / Likely Pathogenic (<5 Variants)
APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II (ST. MICHAEL)	Likely pathogenic	rs756916028	RCV000002685	★★★★☆ ClinVar: Pathogenic / Likely Pathogenic (<5 Variants)
APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II (TORONTO)	Pathogenic	rs2122211012	RCV000002687	★★★★☆ ClinVar: Pathogenic / Likely Pathogenic (<5 Variants)
APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II (WAKAYAMA)	Pathogenic	rs120074115	RCV000002699	★★★★☆ ClinVar: Pathogenic / Likely Pathogenic (<5 Variants)
Cardiovascular phenotype	Likely pathogenic; Pathogenic	rs199563828, rs751214954	RCV004047372 RCV002418103	★★★★☆ ClinVar: Pathogenic / Likely Pathogenic (<5 Variants)
Familial apolipoprotein C-II deficiency	Pathogenic; Likely pathogenic	rs1406419764, rs202190413, rs199563828, rs120074111, rs756916028, rs2122211012, rs111628497, rs120074112, rs120074115, rs120074116, rs754423238	RCV002267118 RCV004762213 RCV002249256 RCV000002684 RCV000002686 RCV000002688 RCV000002690 RCV000002694 RCV000002696 RCV000002700 RCV000002702 RCV000784907	★★★★★ ClinVar: Pathogenic / Likely Pathogenic (≥5 Variants)

Unknown / Other Associations
Phenotype Name	Clinical Significance	Source	Evidence Score
ALZHEIMER DISEASE	—	GWAS catalog	★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
APOC2-related disorder	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity; Likely benign; Benign	ClinVar	★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II (SAN FRANCISCO)	Benign; Likely benign	ClinVar	★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II DEFICIENCY	—	Disgenet	★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Apolipoprotein c-ii variant	Conflicting classifications of pathogenicity	ClinVar	★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE	—	GWAS catalog	★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
HYPERLIPIDEMIA	—	Disgenet	★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE I	—	CTD, Disgenet CTD, Disgenet	★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIAS	—	Disgenet	★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
LIVER FAILURE, ACUTE	—	CTD, Disgenet CTD, Disgenet	★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
LIVER NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL	—	CTD	★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS	—	Disgenet	★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations

Associations from Text Mining
Disease Name	Disease (Merged)	Source	PMID	Relationship Type	Evidence Score
Acute Megakaryocytic Leukemias	Megakaryocytic Leukemia	BEFREE	25476127		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Acute pancreatitis	Pancreatitis	BEFREE	29921298		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Alzheimer Disease	Alzheimer disease	Pubtator	17916554, 29371683, 8128960	Associate	★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Alzheimer`s Disease	Alzheimer disease	GWASCAT_DG	29777097		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Amyloidosis	Amyloidosis	GENOMICS_ENGLAND_DG	27297947		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Amyloidosis Familial	Amyloidosis	Pubtator	27297947, 30665372	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Amyloidosis familial visceral	Visceral amyloidosis	Pubtator	27297947	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Apolipoprotein C-II Deficiency (disorder)	Apolipoprotein C2 deficiency	BEFREE	12049186, 23470567, 25172036, 26044956, 28201738		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Apolipoprotein C-II Deficiency (disorder)	Apolipoprotein C2 deficiency	ORPHANET_DG	24589565		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Apolipoprotein C-II Deficiency (disorder)	Apolipoprotein C2 deficiency	GENOMICS_ENGLAND_DG	27297947, 27604308		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Apolipoprotein C-II Deficiency (disorder)	Apolipoprotein C2 deficiency	UNIPROT_DG	8323539		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Apolipoprotein C-II Deficiency (disorder)	Apolipoprotein C2 deficiency	CLINVAR_DG			★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Apolipoprotein C-II Deficiency (disorder)	Apolipoprotein C2 deficiency	CTD_human_DG			★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Arteriosclerosis	Arteriosclerosis	BEFREE	11310852		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Atherosclerosis	Atherosclerosis	BEFREE	11310852		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Cardiovascular Diseases	Cardiovascular Diseases	BEFREE	22304839, 29791776		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Cardiovascular Diseases	Cardiovascular disease	Pubtator	36690263	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Cleft Palate	Cleft palate	Pubtator	7668251	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Colorectal Neoplasms	Colorectal neoplasm	Pubtator	27992526	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Coronary Disease	Coronary artery disease	Pubtator	20498921	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Coronary heart disease	Coronary Heart Disease	BEFREE	20498921		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Coronary Stenosis	Coronary stenosis	Pubtator	32327445	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Diabetes Mellitus	Diabetes mellitus	Pubtator	32327445	Stimulate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2	Diabetes mellitus, type 2	Pubtator	38003484	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent	Diabetes Mellitus	BEFREE	8911786		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Down Syndrome	Down Syndrome	BEFREE	25476127		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Down Syndrome	Down syndrome	Pubtator	25476127	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Dyskinesia Familial with Facial Myokymia	Dyskinesia, familial, with facial myokymia	Pubtator	27297947	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Dyslipidemias	Dyslipidemias	BEFREE	24704626, 29152661, 7923858		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Dyslipidemias	Dyslipidemias	Pubtator	31538826, 34921821, 38003484	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Eruptive xanthoma	Xanthoma	HPO_DG			★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Familial apolipoprotein C-II deficiency	Apolipoprotein C2 Deficiency	BEFREE	227429, 25172036, 30307897		★★★★★ ClinVar: Pathogenic / Likely Pathogenic (≥5 Variants)
Familial apolipoprotein C-II deficiency	Apolipoprotein C2 Deficiency	ORPHANET_DG	24589565		★★★★★ ClinVar: Pathogenic / Likely Pathogenic (≥5 Variants)
Familial apolipoprotein C-II deficiency	Apolipoprotein C2 Deficiency	Orphanet			★★★★★ ClinVar: Pathogenic / Likely Pathogenic (≥5 Variants)
Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia	Hypobetalipoproteinemia	BEFREE	1984570		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Glioma	Glioma	BEFREE	8062276		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome	Hemolytic uremic syndrome	Pubtator	10412780	Inhibit	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Hypercholesterolemia	Hypercholesterolemia	BEFREE	8490626		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Hypercholesterolemia, Familial	Hypercholesterolemia	BEFREE	8255668		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Hyperlipidemia	Hyperlipidemia	BEFREE	17222387, 26044956		★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Hyperlipidemias	Hyperlipidemia	Pubtator	16200213, 24646025	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I	Hyperlipoproteinemia	Pubtator	10225669, 3944267	Inhibit	★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I	Hyperlipoproteinemia	Pubtator	10225669, 1479292, 1569385, 23470567, 2592354, 28201738, 29748148, 32205061, 32375710, 3379339, 3680515, 9017511	Associate	★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I	Hyperlipoproteinemia	BEFREE	1479292, 1569385, 16153625, 1907278, 27578123, 28107429, 30307897, 3379339, 3559389, 7266379, 8255668		★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I	Hyperlipoproteinemia	CTD_human_DG			★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IIa	Hyperlipoproteinemia	BEFREE	8255668		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III	Hyperlipoproteinemia	BEFREE	2892779		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Hyperlipoproteinemias	Hyperlipoproteinemia	BEFREE	7923858		★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Hypersensitivity Immediate	Hypersensitivity	Pubtator	7815420	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Hypertriglyceridemia	Hypertriglyceridemia	Pubtator	10225669, 1569385, 23151256, 26772541, 29910226, 29921298, 30885219, 32115487, 35741823, 38003484, 3944267, 3944271, 6593704	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Hypertriglyceridemia	Hypertriglyceridemia	Pubtator	35568684	Stimulate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Hypoalphalipoproteinemias	Hypoalphalipoproteinemia	Pubtator	26667175	Stimulate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Hypoalphalipoproteinemias	Hypoalphalipoproteinemia	BEFREE	30664016		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Hypobetalipoproteinemia Familial Apolipoprotein B	Hypoalphalipoproteinemia	Pubtator	7815420	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Hypobetalipoproteinemias	Hypoalphalipoproteinemia	BEFREE	1984570		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Hypogonadism	Hypogonadism	Pubtator	30665372	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
insulinoma	Insulinoma	BEFREE	19252740		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Intracranial Aneurysm	Intracranial Aneurysm	BEFREE	31133485		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Kidney Diseases	Kidney disease	Pubtator	27297947	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Kidney Failure Chronic	Kidney failure	Pubtator	22282592	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Lipidemia retinalis	Lipidemia Retinalis	HPO_DG			★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Liver carcinoma	Liver carcinoma	BEFREE	2981868		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Lymphatic Metastasis	Lymphatic metastasis	Pubtator	37310025	Stimulate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Malnutrition	Malnutrition	BEFREE	3559389		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Metabolic Diseases	Metabolic syndrome	Pubtator	36690263, 38003484	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Metabolic Syndrome	Metabolic syndrome	Pubtator	28740125	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Mild cognitive disorder	Cognitive disorder	BEFREE	21752496		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Multiple Sclerosis	Multiple Sclerosis	BEFREE	10335523, 30114292		★★☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining + Unknown/Other Associations
Myocardial Infarction	Myocardial Infarction	BEFREE	19014618		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Myotonic Dystrophy	Myotonic dystrophy	BEFREE	1351033, 1678492, 17192963, 1754564, 1975560, 1977684, 2037285, 2300239, 2320244, 2562820, 2570021, 2571562, 2591962, 2722193, 2877934, 2878705, 2907504, 2991117, 3047535, 3198115, 3414375, 3762959, 8279459		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Myotonic Dystrophy	Myotonic dystrophy	Pubtator	1672160, 1895314, 2002492, 2562820, 2575669, 2878705, 8279459	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY 1	Myotonic dystrophy	BEFREE	1754564, 1977684		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Neoplasms	Neoplasms	BEFREE	25207834, 8062276		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Pancreatitis	Pancreatitis	Pubtator	10225669, 26772541, 28201738, 36423940, 3944267	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Pancreatitis	Pancreatitis	BEFREE	19034041, 19534808, 26079787, 28201738, 30352774, 9665414		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Pancreatitis	Pancreatitis	HPO_DG			★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Pancreatitis, Chronic	Pancreatitis	BEFREE	16431216, 19034041, 26772541, 28201738		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Psychotic Disorders	Psychotic disorders	Pubtator	28252112	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Recurrent pancreatitis	Pancreatitis	BEFREE	16431216, 26772541, 28201738		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Retinoblastoma	Retinoblastoma	BEFREE	25207834		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Stomach Neoplasms	Stomach neoplasms	Pubtator	36430456	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms	Urinary bladder neoplasms	Pubtator	23631828	Associate	★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Xanthoma	Xanthoma	BEFREE	3944271		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only
Xanthomatosis	Xanthomatosis	BEFREE	3944271		★☆☆☆☆ Found in Text Mining only