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HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1)

Gene

3146

High mobility group box 1

HMGB1

HMG-1, HMG1, HMG3, SBP-1

13q12.3

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the High Mobility Group-box superfamily. The encoded non-histone, nuclear DNA-binding protein regulates transcription, and is involved in organization of DNA. This protein plays a role in several cellular processes, including inflammation, cell differentiation and tumor cell migration. Multiple pseudogenes of this gene have been identified. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

Show/Hide all(256)

miRTarBase ID	miRNA	Experiments	Reference
MIRT007157	hsa-miR-22-3p	Luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, Western blot	23303785
MIRT016305	hsa-miR-193b-3p	Microarray	20304954
MIRT037020	hsa-miR-877-3p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT037020	hsa-miR-877-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT039473	hsa-miR-652-3p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT040864	hsa-miR-18a-3p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT040864	hsa-miR-18a-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT041163	hsa-miR-181d-5p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT043587	hsa-miR-148b-3p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT043798	hsa-miR-328-3p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT046564	hsa-let-7g-5p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT048039	hsa-miR-148a-3p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT048569	hsa-miR-100-5p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT049759	hsa-miR-92a-3p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT050047	hsa-miR-26b-5p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT051522	hsa-let-7e-5p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT052166	hsa-let-7b-5p	CLASH	23622248
MIRT052918	hsa-miR-218-5p	GFP reporter assay, qRT-PCR, Western blot	24247270
MIRT340213	hsa-miR-153-3p	2-D Gel Electrophoresis (2DGE), qRT-PCR, Western blot	26633009
MIRT475609	hsa-miR-3177-5p	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT475609	hsa-miR-3177-5p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT475610	hsa-miR-571	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT475611	hsa-miR-302d-5p	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT475612	hsa-miR-302b-5p	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT475613	hsa-miR-6798-5p	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT475613	hsa-miR-6798-5p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT475614	hsa-miR-3174	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT475615	hsa-miR-4433b-3p	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT475616	hsa-miR-219a-1-3p	PAR-CLIP	23592263
MIRT511528	hsa-miR-5089-5p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511528	hsa-miR-5089-5p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511528	hsa-miR-5089-5p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511529	hsa-miR-6807-5p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511529	hsa-miR-6807-5p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511530	hsa-miR-5589-5p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511530	hsa-miR-5589-5p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511530	hsa-miR-5589-5p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511531	hsa-miR-4731-5p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511531	hsa-miR-4731-5p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511531	hsa-miR-4731-5p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511532	hsa-miR-6506-5p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511532	hsa-miR-6506-5p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511532	hsa-miR-6506-5p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511533	hsa-miR-4252	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511533	hsa-miR-4252	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511534	hsa-miR-619-5p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511534	hsa-miR-619-5p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511534	hsa-miR-619-5p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511535	hsa-miR-186-3p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511535	hsa-miR-186-3p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511535	hsa-miR-186-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511536	hsa-miR-520h	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511536	hsa-miR-520h	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511536	hsa-miR-520h	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511537	hsa-miR-520g-3p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511537	hsa-miR-520g-3p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511537	hsa-miR-520g-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511538	hsa-miR-512-3p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511538	hsa-miR-512-3p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511538	hsa-miR-512-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511539	hsa-miR-595	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511539	hsa-miR-595	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511540	hsa-miR-520e	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511540	hsa-miR-520e	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511540	hsa-miR-520e	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511541	hsa-miR-520d-3p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511541	hsa-miR-520d-3p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511541	hsa-miR-520d-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511542	hsa-miR-520c-3p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511542	hsa-miR-520c-3p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511542	hsa-miR-520c-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511543	hsa-miR-520b	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511543	hsa-miR-520b	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511543	hsa-miR-520b	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511544	hsa-miR-520a-3p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511544	hsa-miR-520a-3p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511544	hsa-miR-520a-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511545	hsa-miR-373-3p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511545	hsa-miR-373-3p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511545	hsa-miR-373-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511546	hsa-miR-372-3p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511546	hsa-miR-372-3p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511546	hsa-miR-372-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511547	hsa-miR-302e	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511547	hsa-miR-302e	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511547	hsa-miR-302e	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511548	hsa-miR-302d-3p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511548	hsa-miR-302d-3p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511548	hsa-miR-302d-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511549	hsa-miR-302c-3p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511549	hsa-miR-302c-3p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511549	hsa-miR-302c-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511550	hsa-miR-302b-3p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511550	hsa-miR-302b-3p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511550	hsa-miR-302b-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511551	hsa-miR-302a-3p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511551	hsa-miR-302a-3p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511551	hsa-miR-302a-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511552	hsa-miR-93-5p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511552	hsa-miR-93-5p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511552	hsa-miR-93-5p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511553	hsa-miR-526b-3p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511553	hsa-miR-526b-3p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511553	hsa-miR-526b-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511554	hsa-miR-519d-3p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511554	hsa-miR-519d-3p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511554	hsa-miR-519d-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511555	hsa-miR-20b-5p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511555	hsa-miR-20b-5p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511555	hsa-miR-20b-5p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511556	hsa-miR-20a-5p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511556	hsa-miR-20a-5p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511556	hsa-miR-20a-5p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511557	hsa-miR-17-5p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511557	hsa-miR-17-5p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511557	hsa-miR-17-5p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511558	hsa-miR-106b-5p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511558	hsa-miR-106b-5p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511558	hsa-miR-106b-5p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT511559	hsa-miR-106a-5p	PAR-CLIP	23446348
MIRT511559	hsa-miR-106a-5p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT511559	hsa-miR-106a-5p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT557268	hsa-miR-6778-3p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT557268	hsa-miR-6778-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT557268	hsa-miR-6778-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT557269	hsa-miR-150-5p	PAR-CLIP	21572407
MIRT557269	hsa-miR-150-5p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT562240	hsa-miR-4699-3p	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT562241	hsa-miR-1179	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT562242	hsa-miR-374c-3p	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT562243	hsa-miR-8084	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT567326	hsa-miR-4798-5p	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT567326	hsa-miR-4798-5p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT567327	hsa-miR-3152-3p	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT567328	hsa-miR-642b-3p	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT567328	hsa-miR-642b-3p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT567329	hsa-miR-642a-3p	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT567329	hsa-miR-642a-3p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT567330	hsa-miR-4509	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT567330	hsa-miR-4509	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT567331	hsa-miR-4744	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT567331	hsa-miR-4744	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT567332	hsa-miR-648	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT567333	hsa-miR-7161-5p	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT567333	hsa-miR-7161-5p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT567334	hsa-miR-548u	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT567334	hsa-miR-548u	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT567335	hsa-miR-142-3p	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT567335	hsa-miR-142-3p	Luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, Western blot	26617792
MIRT567335	hsa-miR-142-3p	ELISA, qRT-PCR, Western blot	26721185
MIRT571999	hsa-miR-4460	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT572000	hsa-miR-4727-3p	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT572001	hsa-miR-6809-5p	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT572002	hsa-miR-4673	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT572003	hsa-miR-4645-5p	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT572004	hsa-miR-4742-5p	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT572005	hsa-miR-3677-5p	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT572006	hsa-miR-1183	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT572007	hsa-miR-6753-5p	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT572008	hsa-miR-1911-3p	PAR-CLIP	20371350
MIRT612894	hsa-miR-6868-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT612895	hsa-miR-6881-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT612896	hsa-miR-1236-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT612897	hsa-miR-1248	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT612898	hsa-miR-1237-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT612899	hsa-miR-670-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT616278	hsa-miR-6749-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT616279	hsa-miR-6792-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT616280	hsa-miR-4691-5p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT616281	hsa-miR-452-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT616282	hsa-miR-4778-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT616283	hsa-miR-6870-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT616284	hsa-miR-660-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT616285	hsa-miR-5193	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT616286	hsa-miR-6891-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT616287	hsa-miR-6072	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT616288	hsa-miR-141-5p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT616970	hsa-miR-6515-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT616971	hsa-miR-4793-5p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT616972	hsa-miR-5196-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT628124	hsa-miR-3680-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT628125	hsa-miR-557	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT628126	hsa-miR-507	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT628127	hsa-miR-450b-5p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT628128	hsa-miR-891b	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT628129	hsa-miR-4772-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT628129	hsa-miR-4772-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT628130	hsa-miR-129-5p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT628130	hsa-miR-129-5p	Luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, Western blot	26720492
MIRT628130	hsa-miR-129-5p	Immunohistochemistry, Luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, Western blot	27191994
MIRT657359	hsa-miR-1200	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT657360	hsa-miR-6829-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT657361	hsa-miR-6791-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT657362	hsa-miR-4682	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT657363	hsa-miR-4424	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT657364	hsa-miR-1976	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT657365	hsa-miR-3653-5p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT657366	hsa-miR-6747-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT657367	hsa-miR-6727-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT657368	hsa-miR-4722-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT657369	hsa-miR-544b	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT657370	hsa-miR-4324	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT657371	hsa-miR-106a-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT657372	hsa-miR-4275	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT678231	hsa-miR-4284	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT678232	hsa-miR-4638-5p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT678233	hsa-miR-1307-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT678234	hsa-miR-6741-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT678235	hsa-miR-1304-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT678236	hsa-miR-1281	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT678236	hsa-miR-1281	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT678237	hsa-miR-4485-5p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT678237	hsa-miR-4485-5p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT678238	hsa-miR-4532	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT678238	hsa-miR-4532	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT678239	hsa-miR-1247-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT678239	hsa-miR-1247-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT678240	hsa-miR-6890-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT678241	hsa-miR-122-3p	HITS-CLIP	23824327
MIRT678241	hsa-miR-122-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT687937	hsa-miR-6878-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT687938	hsa-miR-6744-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT687939	hsa-miR-4757-5p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT687940	hsa-miR-4707-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT687941	hsa-miR-6821-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT687942	hsa-miR-6790-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT687943	hsa-miR-324-3p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT687944	hsa-miR-1913	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT687945	hsa-miR-212-5p	HITS-CLIP	23313552
MIRT731753	hsa-miR-205-5p	ChIP-seq, Luciferase reporter assay, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), pSILAC, qRT-PCR, Western blot	26183718
MIRT732462	hsa-miR-21-5p	Luciferase reporter assay, Western blot	25327529
MIRT733595	hsa-miR-181b-5p	Luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, Western blot	27895789
MIRT734105	hsa-miR-193a-3p	Luciferase reporter assay, Microarray, Western blot	28276476
MIRT735108	hsa-miR-320a	Luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, Western blot	28317284
MIRT735283	hsa-miR-200a-3p	ELISA, Luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, Western blot	28403886
MIRT735458	hsa-miR-34a-5p	Luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, Western blot	27456356
MIRT735558	hsa-let-7a-2-3p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT735731	hsa-let-7g-3p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT738494	hsa-miR-191-3p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT744432	hsa-miR-4436a	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT746825	hsa-miR-4668-5p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT747966	hsa-miR-4733-3p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT749319	hsa-miR-5000-3p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT750466	hsa-miR-548a-3p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT750499	hsa-miR-548ae-3p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT750512	hsa-miR-548ah-3p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT750520	hsa-miR-548aj-3p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT750539	hsa-miR-548am-3p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT750571	hsa-miR-548aq-3p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT750584	hsa-miR-548ar-3p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT750623	hsa-miR-548av-3p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT750646	hsa-miR-548az-3p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT750699	hsa-miR-548e-3p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT750709	hsa-miR-548f-3p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT750748	hsa-miR-548j-3p	PAR-CLIP	26701625
MIRT750822	hsa-miR-548x-3p	PAR-CLIP	26701625

Transcription factors

Show/Hide all(1)

Transcription factor	Regulation	Reference
NFIC	Activation	11245470

Show/Hide all(128)

GO ID	Ontology	Definition	Evidence	Reference
GO:0000122	Process	Negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IGI	19158276
GO:0000122	Process	Negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IMP	19158276
GO:0000400	Function	Four-way junction DNA binding	ISS
GO:0000405	Function	Bubble DNA binding	ISS
GO:0000793	Component	Condensed chromosome	IDA	12925773
GO:0000976	Function	Transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	IDA	19158276
GO:0001530	Function	Lipopolysaccharide binding	IDA	21660935
GO:0001654	Process	Eye development	IEA
GO:0001773	Process	Myeloid dendritic cell activation	ISS
GO:0001786	Function	Phosphatidylserine binding	IDA	18768881
GO:0001935	Process	Endothelial cell proliferation	IEA
GO:0002218	Process	Activation of innate immune response	IDA	24971542
GO:0002224	Process	Toll-like receptor signaling pathway	TAS
GO:0002270	Process	Plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation	IEA
GO:0002281	Process	Macrophage activation involved in immune response	IEA
GO:0002407	Process	Dendritic cell chemotaxis	ISS
GO:0002437	Process	Inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus	IEP	19841752
GO:0002643	Process	Regulation of tolerance induction	IDA	18631454
GO:0002840	Process	Regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell	ISS
GO:0003684	Function	Damaged DNA binding	IDA	17803946
GO:0003684	Function	Damaged DNA binding	ISS
GO:0003690	Function	Double-stranded DNA binding	ISS
GO:0003697	Function	Single-stranded DNA binding	ISS
GO:0003713	Function	Transcription coactivator activity	IDA	19223331
GO:0003723	Function	RNA binding	HDA	22658674, 22681889
GO:0003725	Function	Double-stranded RNA binding	IEA
GO:0003727	Function	Single-stranded RNA binding	IEA
GO:0005125	Function	Cytokine activity	ISS
GO:0005178	Function	Integrin binding	IDA	20826760
GO:0005515	Function	Protein binding	IPI	8006019, 9472015, 11748232, 15014079, 19505873, 20067962, 20547845, 20819940, 23063560, 23303669, 24474694, 25416956, 29721183, 31694235, 32296183, 32814053
GO:0005576	Component	Extracellular region	TAS
GO:0005615	Component	Extracellular space	IDA	19841752
GO:0005615	Component	Extracellular space	ISS
GO:0005634	Component	Nucleus	IDA	8339930, 19223331
GO:0005634	Component	Nucleus	ISS
GO:0005654	Component	Nucleoplasm	TAS
GO:0005769	Component	Early endosome	IEA
GO:0005793	Component	Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment	IEA
GO:0006265	Process	DNA topological change	ISS
GO:0006284	Process	Base-excision repair	IEA
GO:0006303	Process	Double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining	ISS
GO:0006309	Process	Apoptotic DNA fragmentation	TAS
GO:0006310	Process	DNA recombination	ISS
GO:0006342	Process	Chromatin silencing	IGI	19158276
GO:0006357	Process	Regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IBA	21873635
GO:0006357	Process	Regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IDA	11748232
GO:0006914	Process	Autophagy	IEA
GO:0006954	Process	Inflammatory response	IDA	23146691
GO:0007204	Process	Positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	IDA	22370717
GO:0008134	Function	Transcription factor binding	IPI	19223331
GO:0008301	Function	DNA binding, bending	IBA	21873635
GO:0008301	Function	DNA binding, bending	IMP	19223331
GO:0008301	Function	DNA binding, bending	ISS
GO:0009986	Component	Cell surface	IDA	19841752
GO:0010508	Process	Positive regulation of autophagy	IMP	20819940
GO:0010858	Function	Calcium-dependent protein kinase regulator activity	IEA
GO:0016032	Process	Viral process	IEA
GO:0016829	Function	Lyase activity	IDA	17803946
GO:0017053	Component	Transcription repressor complex	IDA	19158276
GO:0017055	Process	Negative regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly	IDA	8006019
GO:0019958	Function	C-X-C chemokine binding	IDA	22370717
GO:0030295	Function	Protein kinase activator activity	IEA
GO:0030324	Process	Lung development	IEA
GO:0031175	Process	Neuron projection development	ISS
GO:0031497	Process	Chromatin assembly	IEA
GO:0032072	Process	Regulation of restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity	IDA	17803946
GO:0032147	Process	Activation of protein kinase activity	IEA
GO:0032392	Process	DNA geometric change	ISS
GO:0032425	Process	Positive regulation of mismatch repair	IDA	15014079
GO:0032640	Process	Tumor necrosis factor production	IDA	12765338
GO:0032689	Process	Negative regulation of interferon-gamma production	IDA	22473704
GO:0032727	Process	Positive regulation of interferon-alpha production	IEA
GO:0032728	Process	Positive regulation of interferon-beta production	IEA
GO:0032731	Process	Positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production	IEA
GO:0032732	Process	Positive regulation of interleukin-1 production	IDA	12765338
GO:0032733	Process	Positive regulation of interleukin-10 production	IDA	22473704
GO:0032735	Process	Positive regulation of interleukin-12 production	IMP	15944249
GO:0032755	Process	Positive regulation of interleukin-6 production	IDA	12765338, 26961863
GO:0032757	Process	Positive regulation of interleukin-8 production	IDA	26961863
GO:0032760	Process	Positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production	IEA
GO:0033151	Process	V(D)J recombination	IDA	9166431
GO:0034137	Process	Positive regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway	IEA
GO:0034145	Process	Positive regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway	IEA
GO:0034165	Process	Positive regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway	ISS
GO:0034774	Component	Secretory granule lumen	TAS
GO:0035711	Process	T-helper 1 cell activation	IDA	22473704
GO:0035767	Process	Endothelial cell chemotaxis	IEA
GO:0035868	Component	Alphav-beta3 integrin-HMGB1 complex	IDA	20826760
GO:0042056	Function	Chemoattractant activity	ISS
GO:0042104	Process	Positive regulation of activated T cell proliferation	IMP	15944249
GO:0043005	Component	Neuron projection	IEA
GO:0043065	Process	Positive regulation of apoptotic process	IDA	19800306
GO:0043277	Process	Apoptotic cell clearance	IDA	18768881
GO:0043280	Process	Positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process	IDA	19800306
GO:0043312	Process	Neutrophil degranulation	TAS
GO:0043371	Process	Negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation	IDA	22473704
GO:0043388	Process	Positive regulation of DNA binding	IDA	11748232, 19223331
GO:0043410	Process	Positive regulation of MAPK cascade	IDA	12765338
GO:0043536	Process	Positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration	IMP	28276476
GO:0043537	Process	Negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration	IDA	23148224
GO:0045063	Process	T-helper 1 cell differentiation	IMP	15944249
GO:0045087	Process	Innate immune response	TAS
GO:0045639	Process	Positive regulation of myeloid cell differentiation	IEA
GO:0045819	Process	Positive regulation of glycogen catabolic process	IEA
GO:0045944	Process	Positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IDA	19223331
GO:0046330	Process	Positive regulation of JNK cascade	IDA	12765338
GO:0050786	Function	RAGE receptor binding	ISS
GO:0050918	Process	Positive chemotaxis	IEA
GO:0051106	Process	Positive regulation of DNA ligation	ISS
GO:0051384	Process	Response to glucocorticoid	IEA
GO:0070182	Function	DNA polymerase binding	IDA	17803946
GO:0070374	Process	Positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	IDA	22370717
GO:0070491	Function	Repressing transcription factor binding	IPI	19223331
GO:0071222	Process	Cellular response to lipopolysaccharide	ISS
GO:0071639	Process	Positive regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production	IEA
GO:0090026	Process	Positive regulation of monocyte chemotaxis	IDA	22370717
GO:0090303	Process	Positive regulation of wound healing	IEA
GO:0097100	Function	Supercoiled DNA binding	ISS
GO:0097350	Process	Neutrophil clearance	IDA	18768881
GO:0098761	Process	Cellular response to interleukin-7	IEA
GO:1901224	Process	Positive regulation of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling	IEA
GO:1903672	Process	Positive regulation of sprouting angiogenesis	IEA
GO:1904813	Component	Ficolin-1-rich granule lumen	TAS
GO:1905564	Process	Positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation	IMP	28276476
GO:2000343	Process	Positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production	IDA	26961863
GO:2000426	Process	Negative regulation of apoptotic cell clearance	IDA	20826760
GO:2000819	Process	Regulation of nucleotide-excision repair	IEA
GO:2001200	Process	Positive regulation of dendritic cell differentiation	IMP	15944249

MIM	HGNC	e!Ensembl
163905	4983	ENSG00000189403

Protein

UniProt ID

P09429

Protein name

High mobility group protein B1 (High mobility group protein 1) (HMG-1)

Protein function

Multifunctional redox sensitive protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. In the nucleus is one of the major chromatin-associated non-histone proteins and acts as a DNA chaperone involved in replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V(D)J recombination, DNA repair and genome stability (Ref.71). Proposed to be an universal biosensor for nucleic acids. Promotes host inflammatory response to sterile and infectious signals and is involved in the coordination and integration of innate and adaptive immune responses. In the cytoplasm functions as sensor and/or chaperone for immunogenic nucleic acids implicating the activation of TLR9-mediated immune responses, and mediates autophagy. Acts as danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule that amplifies immune responses during tissue injury (PubMed:27362237). Released to the extracellular environment can bind DNA, nucleosomes, IL-1 beta, CXCL12, AGER isoform 2/sRAGE, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and activates cells through engagement of multiple surface receptors. In the extracellular compartment fully reduced HMGB1 (released by necrosis) acts as a chemokine, disulfide HMGB1 (actively secreted) as a cytokine, and sulfonyl HMGB1 (released from apoptotic cells) promotes immunological tolerance (PubMed:23519706, PubMed:23446148, PubMed:23994764, PubMed:25048472). Has proangiogdenic activity (By similarity). May be involved in platelet activation (By similarity). Binds to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamide (By similarity). Bound to RAGE mediates signaling for neuronal outgrowth (By similarity). May play a role in accumulation of expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) proteins such as huntingtin (HTT) or TBP (PubMed:23303669, PubMed:25549101). ; Nuclear functions are attributed to fully reduced HGMB1. Associates with chromatin and binds DNA with a preference to non-canonical DNA structures such as single-stranded DNA, DNA-containing cruciforms or bent structures, supercoiled DNA and ZDNA. Can bent DNA and enhance DNA flexibility by looping thus providing a mechanism to promote activities on various gene promoters by enhancing transcription factor binding and/or bringing distant regulatory sequences into close proximity (PubMed:20123072). May have an enhancing role in nucleotide excision repair (NER) (By similarity). However, effects in NER using in vitro systems have been reported conflictingly (PubMed:19446504, PubMed:19360789). May be involved in mismatch repair (MMR) and base excision repair (BER) pathways (PubMed:15014079, PubMed:16143102, PubMed:17803946). May be involved in double strand break repair such as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) (By similarity). Involved in V(D)J recombination by acting as a cofactor of the RAG complex: acts by stimulating cleavage and RAG protein binding at the 23 bp spacer of conserved recombination signal sequences (RSS) (By similarity). In vitro can displace histone H1 from highly bent DNA (By similarity). Can restructure the canonical nucleosome leading to relaxation of structural constraints for transcription factor-binding (By similarity). Enhances binding of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) such as SREBF1 to their cognate DNA sequences and increases their transcriptional activities (By similarity). Facilitates binding of TP53 to DNA (PubMed:23063560). Proposed to be involved in mitochondrial quality control and autophagy in a transcription-dependent fashion implicating HSPB1; however, this function has been questioned (By similarity). Can modulate the activity of the telomerase complex and may be involved in telomere maintenance (By similarity). ; In the cytoplasm proposed to dissociate the BECN1:BCL2 complex via competitive interaction with BECN1 leading to autophagy activation (PubMed:20819940). Involved in oxidative stress-mediated autophagy (PubMed:21395369). Can protect BECN1 and ATG5 from calpain-mediated cleavage and thus proposed to control their proautophagic and proapoptotic functions and to regulate the extent and severity of inflammation-associated cellular injury (By similarity). In myeloid cells has a protective role against endotoxemia and bacterial infection by promoting autophagy (By similarity). Involved in endosomal translocation and activation of TLR9 in response to CpG-DNA in macrophages (By similarity). ; In the extracellular compartment (following either active secretion or passive release) involved in regulation of the inflammatory response. Fully reduced HGMB1 (which subsequently gets oxidized after release) in association with CXCL12 mediates the recruitment of inflammatory cells during the initial phase of tissue injury; the CXCL12:HMGB1 complex triggers CXCR4 homodimerization (PubMed:22370717). Induces the migration of monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells and seems to regulate adhesive and migratory functions of neutrophils implicating AGER/RAGE and ITGAM (By similarity). Can bind to various types of DNA and RNA including microbial unmethylated CpG-DNA to enhance the innate immune response to nucleic acids. Proposed to act in promiscuous DNA/RNA sensing which cooperates with subsequent discriminative sensing by specific pattern recognition receptors (By similarity). Promotes extracellular DNA-induced AIM2 inflammasome activation implicating AGER/RAGE (PubMed:24971542). Disulfide HMGB1 binds to transmembrane receptors, such as AGER/RAGE, TLR2, TLR4 and probably TREM1, thus activating their signal transduction pathways. Mediates the release of cytokines/chemokines such as TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL10 (PubMed:12765338, PubMed:18354232, PubMed:19264983, PubMed:20547845, PubMed:24474694). Promotes secretion of interferon-gamma by macrophage-stimulated natural killer (NK) cells in concert with other cytokines like IL-2 or IL-12 (PubMed:15607795). TLR4 is proposed to be the primary receptor promoting macrophage activation and signaling through TLR4 seems to implicate LY96/MD-2 (PubMed:20547845). In bacterial LPS- or LTA-mediated inflammatory responses binds to the endotoxins and transfers them to CD14 for signaling to the respective TLR4:LY96 and TLR2 complexes (PubMed:18354232, PubMed:21660935, PubMed:25660311). Contributes to tumor proliferation by association with ACER/RAGE (By similarity). Can bind to IL1-beta and signals through the IL1R1:IL1RAP receptor complex (PubMed:18250463). Binding to class A CpG activates cytokine production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells implicating TLR9, MYD88 and AGER/RAGE and can activate autoreactive B cells. Via HMGB1-containing chromatin immune complexes may also promote B cell responses to endogenous TLR9 ligands through a B-cell receptor (BCR)-dependent and ACER/RAGE-independent mechanism (By similarity). Inhibits phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages; the function is dependent on poly-ADP-ribosylation and involves binding to phosphatidylserine on the cell surface of apoptotic cells (By similarity). In adaptive immunity may be involved in enhancing immunity through activation of effector T cells and suppression of regulatory T (TReg) cells (PubMed:15944249, PubMed:22473704). In contrast, without implicating effector or regulatory T-cells, required for tumor infiltration and activation of T-cells expressing the lymphotoxin LTA:LTB heterotrimer thus promoting tumor malignant progression (By similarity). Also reported to limit proliferation of T-cells (By similarity). Released HMGB1:nucleosome complexes formed during apoptosis can signal through TLR2 to induce cytokine production (PubMed:19064698). Involved in induction of immunological tolerance by apoptotic cells; its pro-inflammatory activities when released by apoptotic cells are neutralized by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent oxidation specifically on Cys-106 (PubMed:18631454). During macrophage activation by activated lymphocyte-derived self apoptotic DNA (ALD-DNA) promotes recruitment of ALD-DNA to endosomes (By similarity). ; (Microbial infection) Critical for entry of human coronaviruses SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, as well as human coronavirus NL63/HCoV-NL63. Regulates the expression of the pro-viral genes ACE2 and CTSL through chromatin modulation.

PDB

2LY4 , 2RTU , 2YRQ , 6CG0 , 6CIJ , 6CIK , 6CIL , 6CIM , 6OEM , 6OEN , 6OEO

Family and domains

Pfam

Accession	ID	Position in sequence	Description	Type
PF09011	HMG_box_2	6 → 78	HMG-box domain	Domain
PF00505	HMG_box	95 → 163	HMG (high mobility group) box	Domain

Sequence

MGKGDPKKPRGKMSSYAFFVQTCREEHKKKHPDASVNFSEFSKKCSERWKTMSAKEKGKF
EDMAKADKARYEREMKTYIPPKGETKKKFKDPNAPKRPPSAFFLFCSEYRPKIKGEHPGL
SIGDVAKKLGEMWNNTAADDKQPYEKKAAKLKEKYEKDIAAYRAKGKPDAAKKGVVKAEK
SKKKKEEEEDEEDEEDEEEEEDEEDEDEEEDDDDE

Sequence length

215

Interactions

View interactions

	KEGG		Reactome
	Base excision repair Autophagy - animal Necroptosis Neutrophil extracellular trap formation		Apoptosis induced DNA fragmentation TAK1 activates NFkB by phosphorylation and activation of IKKs complex Regulation of TLR by endogenous ligand Neutrophil degranulation Advanced glycosylation endproduct receptor signaling TRAF6 mediated NF-kB activation

Associated diseases

Show/Hide Causal Diseases (5)

Causal
Disease name	Disease term	dbSNP ID	References
Myocardial infarction	Myocardial Infarction	rs12316150, rs41303970, rs909253, rs7291467, rs2234693	21113057
Cholestasis	Cholestasis, Extrahepatic	rs121909103, rs751511532, rs376368459, rs762702807, rs1578490102, rs1578499691, rs1578504946, rs1317656688, rs199791850, rs1452792080, rs1578491039	28789951
Pulmonary fibrosis	Pulmonary Fibrosis	rs121918666, rs199422300, rs121917737, rs121917834, rs199422294, rs201159197, rs199422297, rs199422305, rs751381953, rs876661305, rs878853260, rs863223336, rs786205702, rs1555811762, rs1060502990, rs1555903332, rs1554038539, rs1554042899, rs938938578	27616297
Esophagus neoplasm	Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus	rs28934578, rs121918714, rs1567556006, rs1575166666	21517111
Neuropathy	Neuropathy, Painful	rs121913593, rs121913595, rs751050956, rs878853221, rs768554986, rs1553259568, rs1567973091, rs1560046845, rs1567969825, rs1567973088, rs756896276	27474498

Show/Hide Unknown Diseases (4)

Unknown
Disease name	Disease term	dbSNP ID	References
Alveolitis	Alveolitis, Fibrosing		27616297
Leukostasis	Leukostasis		28294475
Myocardial ischemia	Myocardial Ischemia		16214533
Septicemia	Septicemia		23146691, 19265175

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